Tayammum (Dry ablution'): it is a method of cleansing
oneself using clean sand. It serves as a replacement for both Wudu (partial
ablution) and Ghusl (complete ablution) but only under special circumstances.
Evidences From The Quran And Hadith
This act of ritual cleansing is proven by the Qur'an,
Sunnah (prophetic tradition) and Ijmaa' (consensus of Muslim scholars).
Allaah the Most High says:
"O you who believe! When you intend to offer
As-Salat (the prayer), wash your faces and your hands (forearms) up to the
elbows, rub (by passing wet hands over) your heads, and (wash) your feet up to
ankles. If you are in a state of Jannaba (i.e. had a sexual discharge), purify
yourself (bathe your whole body). But if you are ill or on a journey or any of
you comes from answering the call of nature, or you have been in contact with
women (i.e. sexual intercourse) and you find no water, then perform Tayammum
with clean earth and rub therewith your faces and hands. Allaah does not want
to place you in difficulty, but He wants to purify you, and to complete His
Favour on you that you may be thankful.
[Quran 5:6]
"And if you are ill or on a journey or one of you
comes from the place of relieving himself or you have contacted women (i.e.,
had sexual intercourse) and find no water, then seek clean earth and wipe over
your faces and your hands (with it). Indeed, Allaah is ever Pardoning and
Forgiving." [Qur'an 4:43]
From the Sunnah, we have the Hadeeth Narrated by Abu Umaamah may Allah be pleased with him) thať the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "All of the earth has been made a pure place of prayer for me and my nation. Whenever a person from my nation wants to pray, he has something with which to purify himself, that is, the earth."
[Imam
Ahmad]
Narrated by Abdur Rahman bin Abza (may Allaah be pleased
with him) that Ammar said to Umar 'I rolled myself in the dust and came to the
Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings be upon him) who said,' Passing dusted
hands over the face and the backs of the hands is sufficient for you."
[Sahih
Bukhari]
Narrated by Ammar (may Allaah be pleased with him): that
the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings be upon him) stroked the earth
with his hands and then passed them over his face and the backs of his hands
(while demonstrating Tayammum).
[Sahih Bukhari]
When To Make Tayammum
One is permitted to make Tayammum in any of the following
cases:
1 - If
one cannot find water or the amount one finds is insufficient for ablution
Narrated by 'Imraan Ibn Husayn (may Allaah be pleased
with him) that: "We were with the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings
be upon him) during a journey. When he led the people in prayer, one man stayed
apart. He the Messenger of Allaah (pbuh) asked him: "What prevented you
from praying?" He replied: 'I need a ritual bath (because of having a wet
dream) and there is no water.' The Messenger of Allaah (pbuh) said: 'Use the
soil, for it is sufficient (i.e. Tayammum).''
[Sahih Bukhaari & Muslim]
2 -
If one is injured or ill
If one is in this condition and thinks that using water
will worsen it (he does not have to be absolutely sure, but may base his
assumption on past experience or what a knowledgeable person has told him), he
may perform Tayammum.
Narrated by Jaabir (may Allaah be pleased with him) said,
"We were on a journey and one of us was injured. Later, he had a wet
dream. He asked his companions, 'Can I perform Tayammum?' They said, 'No, not
if you have water.' He performed Ghusl, which caused him to die. When news of
this came to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings be upon him) he said:
"They killed him! May Allaah kill them! Do you not ask if you do not know?
The remedy for ignorance is to ask. He could have performed Tayammum and not
dropped water on his wound, or wrapped it with something, then wiped over the
wrapping, and then washed the rest of his body."
3 -
If water is cold enough to physically harm the user
Tayammum is allowed when water is available but is too
cold and cannot be heated, or there is no public bathroom available.
Narrated by Abu Dharr (may Allaah be pleased with him)
that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "The
soil is a purifier for a Muslim, even if he does not find water for ten years.
Then, if he finds water, that is, to make ablution, and so on, it becomes
incumbent upon him to use it.
[Imam Ahmad & At-Tirmithi]
4 -
If water is nearby, but one cannot fetch it due to fear
If one fears for his life, family, wealth, (for example,
if an enemy (beast or human) is nearby or if one is a prisoner, and so on) he
may perform Tayammum. This is also allowed if there is water but one lacks the
proper means to get it, or if one fears some accusation against him if he gets
it.
5 -
If one is saving his water for later use
This could be for dough, cooking, or to remove an
impurity that is not pardonable.
Imaam Ahmad may Allaah have mercy upon him said:
"Many of the Companions performed Tayammum to save their water for
drinking."
Ali may Allaah be pleased with him said: "A man who
is travelling and becomes unclean because of sexual intercourse, or a wet
dream, can perform Tayammum if he fears he will go thirsty. He should perform
Tayammum and not Ghusl."
[Ad-Daaraqutni]
6 -
If one can get water, but fears that the prayer will be over by the time he
gets it
He can perform Tayammum and pray, and does not need to
repeat his prayer (after he gets water).
THE SOIL USED FOR TAYAMMUM
It must be pure soil: this can be sand, stone, gypsum,
and so on.
Allaah Almighty Says in the Qur'an (what means):
"…Perform Tayammum with pure soil..."
[Qur'an 5:6]
HOW TO PERFORM TAYAMMUM
Step
1
Find clean earth. Find a place where there is soil, sand
or rock. Make sure that this place is clean and entirely free of all najasah
(things which make one ritually unclean).
Step
2
Performing Tayammum, it is necessary to make its
intention (niyyat) in your heart. You should mentally prepare yourself for the
performance of an act of purification.
Step
3
Say Bismillah. Recite bismi-llāhi ar-ra māni ar-ra īmi
(In the name of Allaah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful).
Step
4
Strike your hands on the ground. This act will most
likely lift some dust. Brush it off and gently rub your face with your hands,
beginning (as in Wudu) from the hairline to where the facial hair starts, and
from the lobe of one ear to that of the other.
Step
5
Strike your hands on the ground again. Brush off the dust
and intertwine the fingers of both hands. Using your left hand, rub your right
arm from the fingertips up to the elbow, and back along the inner arm to the
fingertips. Repeat this for your left arm.
Finish With The Dua As Given Below
Ashhadu an laa ilaaha ill-Allaah wahdahu laa shareeka
lah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa rasooluhu.
(I bear witness that there is no god except Allaah alone,
with no partner or associate, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and
Messenger.)
Allaahumm aj alni min al-tawwaabeena waj alni min
al-mutatahhireena
(O Allaah, make me one of those who repent and make me
one of those who purify themselves).
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